PRESENT+PERFECT

Exercises on Present Perfect

 * [|Exceptions in Spelling when adding] [|‘] [|ed] [|’]
 * [|have or has]
 * [|Positive Sentences in Present Perfect Simple]
 * [|Negative Sentences in Present Perfect Simple]
 * [|Sentences with] [|‘] [|never] [|’] [| in Present Perfect Simple]
 * [|Questions in Present Perfect Simple]
 * [|Questions with Interrogative Particles in Present Perfect Simple]
 * [|Mixed Exercise on Present Perfect Simple]
 * [|Exercise on the text] [|“] [|Loch Ness] [|”]
 * [|Irregular Verbs]

Tests on Present Perfect

 * Present Perfect: [|Level 1], [|Level 2], [|Level 3]

Grammar in Texts

 * [|„] [|History of Snowboarding] [|“] [| (highlight verbs in Present Perfect)] [|Level: intermediate] [[image:http://www.ego4u.com/images/misc/level-3.png width="47" height="7" caption="Level 3" link="http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-perfect-simple#p1"]]

__THEORY__ The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

Form of Present Perfect
For irregular verbs, use the participle form (see [|list of irregular verbs], 3rd column). For regular verbs, just add “ ed ”.
 * ~  ||~ Positive ||~ Negative ||~ Question ||
 * **I / you / we / they** || I have spoken. || I have not spoken. || Have I spoken? ||
 * **he / she / it** || He has spoken. || He has not spoken. || Has he spoken? ||

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ ed ’
or //l// as final consonant after a vowel is doubled || admit – admitted travel – travelled ||
 * ~ Exceptions in spelling when adding //ed// ||~ Example ||
 * after a final //e// only add //d// || love – loved ||
 * final consonant after a short, stressed vowel
 * final //y// after a consonant becomes //i// || hurry – hurried ||

Use of Present Perfect

 * puts emphasis on the result Example: She //has written// five letters.
 * action that is still going on Example: School //has// not //started// yet.
 * action that stopped recently Example: She //has cooked// dinner.
 * finished action that has an influence on the present Example: I //have lost// my key.
 * action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking Example: I //have// never //been// to Australia.

Signal Words of Present Perfect

 * already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now